Q.14. What is an environmental policy? Name
some of the legislation present in India for environmental protection. (AKTU. - 2013-14)
Ans. "The
National Environment Policy is intended to be a guide to action: in regulatory reform,
programmes and projects for environmental conservation; and review and
enactment of legislation, by agencies of the Central, State, and Local
Governments.
The policy also seeks to stimulate partnerships of
different stakeholders, i.e. public agencies, local communities, academic and
scientific institutions, the investment community, and international
development partners, in harnessing their respective resources and strengths
for environmental management. The dominant theme of this policy is that while
conservation of environmental resources is necessary to secure livelihoods and
well-being of all, the most secure basis for conservation is to ensure that people
dependent on particular resources obtain better livelihoods from the fact of
conservation, than from degradation of the resource."
Environment Protection
Laws In India: -
India’s
concern for environment is evident form the fact that the constitution of India
makes provisions for Environmental Protection in the chapters on:
(a) Fundamental Rights
(b) Directive Principles of
States Policy
(c) Fundamental Duties.
Article 47 of the
constitution (1950) states that
“ State shall regard the raising of the level of
nutrition and the standard of living of its people and improvement of public
health as among its primary duties.....”
Contitution was amended in
the year 1976 and article 48 - A was added which states that
“The state shall endeavour to protect and improve the
environment and to safeguard the forest and wildlife of the country.”
The same amendment was added as a fundamental duty to
be observed by every citizen in Article 51-A (g):
‘To protect and improve the natural environement
including forest, lakes, rivers ands wildlife and to have compassion for living
creatures”.
In 1974, the Parliament enacted the Water (Prevention
and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. Following this legislation, the Water
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act was enacted in 1977 and in order
to increase the scope of this legislation the Act of 1947 was emended in 1978.
The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act
was enacted in 1981 and the Environment Protction Act was enactead by the
Parliament in 1986.
An independent Department of Environment was
established by the Government of India in 1980 to impart environmental
awareness by encouraging researach on environmental problems. But this
department is merely an administrative set up and lacks power to prosecute the
defaulters. Besides this, the Parliament of India has passed a number of laws
to control pollution and to protect the environment for instance.
(1) The water (Prevention
ands Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
(2) The Air (Prevention and
Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
(3) Wildlife Protection
Act, 1972.
(4) The Forest
(Conservation)Act, 1980.
(5) The Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986.
(6) The Motor Vehicles Act,
1988.
The regulatory structure
MOEF-Ministry of
environment and Forest, Govt. of India.
CPCB- Central Pollution Control Board
SPCB- State Pollution
Control Board
Funtions of Ministry of
Environment and Forest, Govt. of India
-Environmental Policy
Planning and Research.
-Implementing legislation
and monitor/control pollution.
Environmental clearance for
projects.
-- Promotion of
environmental education, training and awareness
---Forest Conservation,
development and wild life protection
---Bio - sphere Reserve
Programme
---Co - ordination with
concerned National and International Agencies. Q.15 What do you mean by migration of peoples? (AKTU. - 2013 - 14)
Ans. Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intention of settling in the new location. The movement is typically over long distances and from one country to another, but internal migration is also possible. Migration may be individuals, family units or in large groups.
Nomadic movements are normally not regarded as migrations as there is no intention to settle in the new place and because the movement is generally seasonal. Only a few nomadic peoples have retained this form of lifestyle in modern times. Also, the temporary movement of people for the purpose of travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute is not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to settle in the new location.
Migration has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate into a territory are called immigrants, while at the departure point they are called emigrants. Small populations migrating to develop a territory considered void of settlement depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective are referred to as settlers or colonists, while populations displaced by immigration and colonization are called refugees.
