Q.16. What is E-NGO’s? (AKTU. - 2013 - 14)
Ans An ENGO
(environmental non-governmental organization) is a non-governmental
organization (NGO) in the field of environmentalism. Examples of ENGOs include
the WWF, Greenpeace, Conservation International, The Nature Conservancy and the
Environmental Investigation Agency.
The goals of environmental NGOs include but are not
limited to: creating relationships with the government and other organizations,
offering training and assistance in agricultural conservation to maximize the
use of local resources, establishing environmental solutions, and managing
projects implemented to address issues affecting a particular area.
Environmental NGOs are organizations that are not run by federal or state
governments but rather have funds issued to them by governments, private
donors, corporations, and other institutions. In order to fully understand the
social, economic, and environmental effects an organization can have on a
region, it is important to note that the organization can act outside the
formal processes that state governments and other government institutions must
comply with.
Q.17. Define
types of migration. (AKTU. - 2015 - 16)
Ans. Types
Of Migration: -
The various kinds of migration depend on the flow and
number of people often involved, the reasons for their movement, the time they
spend in migration, and the nature of that migration. Here are a few forms:
Intercontinental
migration:
It is when the movement is across continents, such as
from Korea (Asia) to Brazil (South America). If the movement is on the same
continent, we say intra-continental migration. Sometimes, people migrate from
one place to the other within the same region, continent or country. This is
also known as regional migration or internal migration.
Rural-Urban Migration:
This involves the movement of people from rural areas
or countrysides to urban areas of the same country in search of new
opportunities and lifestyles.
Forced or involuntary
Migration:
This is when the government or authorities of a place
force people to migrate for a reason.
Impelled Migration (also
called reluctant or imposed migration):
Here, no one is forced to migrate but due to some
push factors such as war, hunger and other difficult conditions, people decide
to leave.
Seasonal Migration:
Sometimes people move during specific seasons such as
crop harvesting and climate to work and then go back when the season is over.
Return Migration:
This involves the voluntary return of migrants to
their original place after they outlive the reasons for which they left. Often
times, young people who move into the cities to work return home when they
retire to spend the rest of their lives in the quiet of their towns and with
old friends and family.
Long and short-term
migration:
People may consider migrating for good if the
condition in their home is one that is threatening. For example, people move
for better health care if they have some disease that requires some level of
attention that can only be received in another place. On the other hand, it may
be temporal in nature. For example, a person may study in another place, but
may decide to stay and work for many years before going back for good.