Q.3 Write the techniques for a good paragraph construction. (2008-09)
Related Question -
Q. What is Coherence? What are the Coherence devices used in Paragraph writing? Give examples. (2010-11)
Ans. There are three basic techniques which can be adopted for developing a paragraph. These techniques are :
1. Unity 2. Coherence 3. Emphasis
1. Unity : The first and foremost technique in writing a paragraph is unity i.e., each sentence of a paragraph must deal with an idea which leads to thematic unity. A good paragraph is generally built upon a key idea which is known as the topic sentence. This topic sentence may be the first sentence or the middle sentence or the last sentence. All sentences in such a paragraph lead to the topic sentence. The writers adopt several methods to achieve the unity of a paragraph. These are:
(i) Inductive order in which the author moves from particular statement to the general statement.
Example:
Ram dies : Mohan dies; they are human beings. We, therefore, can say that man is mortal.
(ii) Deductive order in which the author moves from general statement to the particular statement.
Example:
Man is mortal. Since Ram and Mohan are men; they are mortal.
(iii) Question to answer order in which the author begins the paragraph with a question which is answered within the same paragraph.
(iv) Exposition in which the topic sentence is usually the first sentence and the entire paragraph is devoted to an explanation of the first sentence.
(v) Time order in which one event is narrated after another.
(vi) Comparison and Contrast in which every sentence in a paragraph compares and contrasts one subject with another.
(vii) Enumeration in which the words like firstly, secondly, finally are used in narration.
(viii) Space order is used for writing about the location of a place.
An author is free to use either a single method or a combination of methods for developing a paragraph.
2. Coherence : In a well developed paragraph every sentence should logically follow from the one preceding it. There are four following devices which may help to attain coherence :
(i) Pronoun : To maintain continuity of thought, a pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun.
(ii) Repetition : Sometimes repetition of the key-words leads to coherence in a paragraph.
(iii) Synonyms : Use of synonymous words provides variety and helps in avoiding monotony.
(iv) Connectives : The connectives such as but, or, therefore, as a result, to sum up and in short may be used for coherence in a paragraph.
3. Emphasis : Emphasis means force i.e., to give force or proper emphasis to prominent ideas in a paragraph. The following devices can be used for proper Emphasis :
(i) Balance in which various parts of the sentence are made parallel to one another.
(ii) Emphatic Position in which the Emphasis is laid on the most important idea in a paragraph.
(iii) Space in which more space is provided to an idea.
(iv) Repetition in which some key words are repeated for Emphasis.
(v) Contrast in which the positive attitude of the author is contrasted with some negative side of the issue, stated for Emphasis.
(vi) Emphatic words are used to emphasize the author’s point of view.
Q.4 What are the methods to bring about unity in a paragraph ? Illustrate any one method with suitable example. (2009 - 10)
Ans. There are several methods to bring about unity in a paragraph
(1) Inductive order (2) Deductive order
(3) Question to answer order (4) Exposition
(5) Time order (6) Comparison and contrast
(7) Enumeration (8) Space order
Deductive Order: -
The most popular order used by the writers is the deductive order. It is the reversal of the logical arrangement of the inductive order. In the deductive order, we have a conclusion reached by reasoning from general laws to particular case. The topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph stating some general statements. The author finally tries to deduce his conclusion logically. This gives the pagagraph a direct, straightforward style which most report-readers prefer. Thus, in brief, the movement of thoughts in this order is from the general statement to particular details.
Example : Toxic doses have a broad range of effects. The drug strikes the Cardiovascular system (heart and the blood vessels), typically causing rapid hearbeat and sometimes irregular heart rhythm. In the gastrointestinal (degestive) system, it might produce cramping, vomiting and diarrhea. The central nervous system responds with agitation, irritability, tremor, insomnia and ringing in the ears. Severe poisoning can produce seizures, coma or even death.
Related Question -
Q. What is Coherence? What are the Coherence devices used in Paragraph writing? Give examples. (2010-11)
Ans. There are three basic techniques which can be adopted for developing a paragraph. These techniques are :
1. Unity 2. Coherence 3. Emphasis
1. Unity : The first and foremost technique in writing a paragraph is unity i.e., each sentence of a paragraph must deal with an idea which leads to thematic unity. A good paragraph is generally built upon a key idea which is known as the topic sentence. This topic sentence may be the first sentence or the middle sentence or the last sentence. All sentences in such a paragraph lead to the topic sentence. The writers adopt several methods to achieve the unity of a paragraph. These are:
(i) Inductive order in which the author moves from particular statement to the general statement.
Example:
Ram dies : Mohan dies; they are human beings. We, therefore, can say that man is mortal.
(ii) Deductive order in which the author moves from general statement to the particular statement.
Example:
Man is mortal. Since Ram and Mohan are men; they are mortal.
(iii) Question to answer order in which the author begins the paragraph with a question which is answered within the same paragraph.
(iv) Exposition in which the topic sentence is usually the first sentence and the entire paragraph is devoted to an explanation of the first sentence.
(v) Time order in which one event is narrated after another.
(vi) Comparison and Contrast in which every sentence in a paragraph compares and contrasts one subject with another.
(vii) Enumeration in which the words like firstly, secondly, finally are used in narration.
(viii) Space order is used for writing about the location of a place.
An author is free to use either a single method or a combination of methods for developing a paragraph.
2. Coherence : In a well developed paragraph every sentence should logically follow from the one preceding it. There are four following devices which may help to attain coherence :
(i) Pronoun : To maintain continuity of thought, a pronoun is used as a substitute for a noun.
(ii) Repetition : Sometimes repetition of the key-words leads to coherence in a paragraph.
(iii) Synonyms : Use of synonymous words provides variety and helps in avoiding monotony.
(iv) Connectives : The connectives such as but, or, therefore, as a result, to sum up and in short may be used for coherence in a paragraph.
3. Emphasis : Emphasis means force i.e., to give force or proper emphasis to prominent ideas in a paragraph. The following devices can be used for proper Emphasis :
(i) Balance in which various parts of the sentence are made parallel to one another.
(ii) Emphatic Position in which the Emphasis is laid on the most important idea in a paragraph.
(iii) Space in which more space is provided to an idea.
(iv) Repetition in which some key words are repeated for Emphasis.
(v) Contrast in which the positive attitude of the author is contrasted with some negative side of the issue, stated for Emphasis.
(vi) Emphatic words are used to emphasize the author’s point of view.
Q.4 What are the methods to bring about unity in a paragraph ? Illustrate any one method with suitable example. (2009 - 10)
Ans. There are several methods to bring about unity in a paragraph
(1) Inductive order (2) Deductive order
(3) Question to answer order (4) Exposition
(5) Time order (6) Comparison and contrast
(7) Enumeration (8) Space order
Deductive Order: -
The most popular order used by the writers is the deductive order. It is the reversal of the logical arrangement of the inductive order. In the deductive order, we have a conclusion reached by reasoning from general laws to particular case. The topic sentence is usually the first sentence in a paragraph stating some general statements. The author finally tries to deduce his conclusion logically. This gives the pagagraph a direct, straightforward style which most report-readers prefer. Thus, in brief, the movement of thoughts in this order is from the general statement to particular details.
Example : Toxic doses have a broad range of effects. The drug strikes the Cardiovascular system (heart and the blood vessels), typically causing rapid hearbeat and sometimes irregular heart rhythm. In the gastrointestinal (degestive) system, it might produce cramping, vomiting and diarrhea. The central nervous system responds with agitation, irritability, tremor, insomnia and ringing in the ears. Severe poisoning can produce seizures, coma or even death.