Q.17. Make relavant uses of the following pairs of prepositions:
(i) Beside, Besides (ii) Between, Among
Ans. (i) Beside (by the side of)
He was buried beside the grane of his mother
Besides (in addition to)
Besides the intelligent boys, some dull boys have also offered computer science.
(ii) Betweeen - (Distinguish two persons or things)
Distribute these fruits between Rama and Mohan.
Among (More than two persons or things)
He divided his property among his five sons.
Q.18 What is a verb? Write their kinds? (auxiliaries, principal auxiliaries) Uses of Be, Have, Do. Modal Auxiliaries: - Use of can, could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, ought to, semi modals: - need, dare, used to.
Related Questions -
Q. What do modal auxiliaries signify? Make use of four pairs of modal such as Can/Could; May/Might; Shall/Should; Must; Will/Would in sentences respectively. (2011 - 12)
Ans. Verb: -
A verb is a word (or group of words) which says what a person or a thing is, has or does or what happens or is done to a person or a thing.
Examples: -
Ram plays.
Ram is playing.
Ram has been playing.
Ram shall have been playing.
Kinds of Verb: -
Verbs are often divided into two major types : Main verbs and Helping or Auxiliary verbs. The verbs other than the helping verbs are known as the Main verbs. These main verbs are also known as the Lexical verbs. The helping verbs or auxiliary verbs are the verbs, used along with the main verbs.
The main verbs or the Lexical verbs are further divided into two types :
(i) Transitive Verb (ii) Intransitive Verb
Consider the following.
In sentence under A, the verb heard has an object. This means the action denoted by the verb heard passes over from the subject Hira to the object noise. The verb in this example is called transitive verb as they transit or pass over the action from the subject to the object.
In sentence under B, the verb run has no objects. Therefore, the action denoted by the verb runs. Stop with its respective subject and does not pass over to any object. The verb in this example is called intransitive verb as they does not transit or pass over the action from the subject to the object.
Examples: -
Principal Auxilliaries: -
The principal parts of a verb from which all other forms or tense can be formed are,
The present tense. The past tense. The past participle.
The verbs can be divided into classes –
Regular verbs and irregular verb according to the way the past tense and the past participle are formed from the present tense.
Regular Verbs: -
Regular verbs are those which form their simple past tense and past participle by simply adding – ed to the present tense form:
Some verbs ending in “Y” from their past, tense and past participle by changing “Y” into “i” before adding “ed”.
Irregular Verb: -
Are those which do not follow any regular pattern like regular verbs.
A list of irregular verbs: -
Auxiliaries, The Special Verbs: -
An auxiliary is a “Helping Verb”. It helps the main verb to form the tense, voices, and moods, by being placed before them. The auxiliaries are also called special verb or anomalous verb.
The Auxiliaries are of two kinds: -
1. Primary Auxiliaries.
2. Modal Auxiliaries.
1. The Primary Auxiliaries: -
They are be, do and have. They change their forms according to the number and person of the subject. The forms of “be” are is, was, were (Be has two other forms – being and been). The forms of “do”, are : do, does, did. The forms of “have” are; have, has, had.
Note : The verbs be (am, is, are, was, were) Do (do, does, did) and have (have, has, had) can also be used as main verbs.
I am tall.
He does his work.
Dipti has a golden necklace.
2. The Modal Auxiliaries or Modals are: -
Can/could, may (might), shall (should), will (would), must, ought, used to, need, dare.
Be: Is, are, am, was, were.
(a) The auxiliary be is used.
1. To form the continuous tense.
Ex. : I am writing a letter.
2. To form the passive voice.
Ex. : A letter is being written by me.
(b) Be is used as a main verb with an infinitive.
1. To indicate a plan.
Ex. : The match is to be played next week.
2. To convey instruction:
Ex. : You are to clean this room.
Have: Has, Have, Had.
(a) The auxiliary have is used to form the perfect and the present perfect continuous tenses.
Ex. : (i) I have written a letter. (ii) He has been writing a letter.
(b) Have, used as a main verb with an infinitive to indicates obligation: -
Ex. : I have to get up early.
Have means possess, it is constructed like auxiliary verb. In this case, have is used without the auxiliary Do to form questions or negatives. This is the British usage which we follow though in American usage Do is common as–
Have you a pen? (British usage).
Do you have a pen? (American usage)
Do: The auxiliary do is used –
1. To form the negative of the simple present and of the simple past.
Ex. : I do not know him.
I did not know him.
2. To form the interrogative of the simple present and of the simple past.
Ex. : Do you know him?
Did he come to the school?
3. To emphasize a statement.
Ex. : She does dance well.
I do need your help.
4. To make a request in a persuasive way.
Please do come to my birthday party, I will wait for you.
Shall: -
1. According to grammar rules the modal auxiliary shall is used in the 1st person and will in the 2nd and 3rd persons to give information about future action: -
Ex. : I shall begin the work tomorrow.
You will begin the work tomorrow.
He will begin the work tomorrow.
2. Shall is used in the 2nd and 3rd persons to express a command, threat, or promise.
Ex. : You shall leave this place at once. (Command)
If you make a noise, you shall be punished. (Threat)
He shall get a prize if he does not make a single mistake. (promise)
3. In interrogative sentences, shall is widely used with the 1st person to indicate offer or suggestion and with the 3rd person to know the desire of the person spoken to: -
Shall I make a cup of tea for (offer) you?
Which book shall I buy? (asking to suggest)
Should: -
The modal auxiliary should is used: -
1. As past tense of shall in indirect speech
Ex. : I said that I should report for duty the next day.
2. To express duty or obligation
Ex. : We should obey our parents and teachers.
3. To express duty or obligation.
Ex. : We should obey our parents and teachers.
4. To express advice.
Ex. : You should not tell lies.
5. To express condition
Ex. : Should this happen, I will resign.
Will: -
The modal auxiliary will is used: -
1. To indicate future tense.
Ex. : My friend will come tomorrow.
2. To indicate request.
Ex. : Will you have tea?
Will you please open the door?
3. To indicate promise.
Ex. : I will take care of your brother.
4. To indicates determination.
Ex. : We will fight to the finish.
5. To indicate characteristics for habit: -
Ex. : He will be talking all the time without doing anything.
Would: -
The modal auxiliary would is used: -
1. As past tense of will in indirect speech:
Ex. : He said to me that he would look into the matter.
2. As past tense of will to indicate past activity.
Ex. : In the past he would go for a long walk every morning.
3. To express a wish or desire:
Ex. : I would rather starve than beg.
I would like to ask you something.
Can: -
The modal auxiliary can is used: -
1. To indicate permission:
Ex. : Can I come in?
2. To indicate possibility:
Ex. : This road can be blocked.
3. To indicate ability:
Ex. : He can speak ability.
Could: -
The modal auxiliary could is used: -
1. As past tense of can in indirect speech:
Ex. : He said that he could solve the problem.
2. To indicate ability in the past:
Ex. : I could swim across the river when I was young.
3. To indicate permission:
Ex. : Could I use your telephone?
4. To indicate possibility:
Ex. : This road could be blocked.
5. To express a polite request in the form of question:
Ex. : Could you wait for a minute?
Could you lend me your bicycle for a day?
May: -
The modal auxiliary may is used: -
1. To indicate permission.
Ex. : May I come in?
You may not go.
2. To indicate possibility:
Ex. : The road may be blocked today due to the procession.
3. To express a wish in formal English:
Ex. : May you live long?
4. To indicate a purpose:
Ex. : We eat that we may live.
Might: -
The modal auxiliary might is used: -
1. As past tense of may in indirect speech:
Ex. : He said that he might come.
2. To indicates permission:
Ex. : Might I use your telephone?
3. To indicate possibility:
Ex. : It might rain.
Must: -
The modal auxiliary must is used: -
1. To indicate obligation or compulsion:
Ex. : You must be back by 10 o¢ clock.
You must see a doctor.
2. To indicates determination:
Ex. : I must finish the work by next Monday at any cost.
3. To express some strong possibility:
Ex. : There must be some mistake some where.
Ought to: -
The modal auxiliary ought is used to express moral obligation duty or desirability: -
Ex. : You ought not to speak to your parents in the manner.
We ought to love our neighbours.
SEMI MODALS: -
Dare: -
Dare and need are used as modal auxiliary or as finite verbs. Their uses in some cases may look a little different from those of the other modal auxiliaries:-
Dare as a modal auxiliary means “be bold enough to”. It is commonly used in interrogative and negative sentences. It can also be used with do/did. The do/did interrogative and negative forms are followed in theory by the infinitive with “to” but in practice the “to” is often omitted.
How dare you fight with me?
He does not dare (to) fight with me.
Does he dare (to) fight with me.
Need: -
Need as modal auxiliary means “be obliged”, “be necessary”, it is commonly used in negatives and interrogatives; These are followed by infinitives without to:
Need I tell him to go?
He need not go.
Need as a finite verb means “want” “require” or “be in need of” as a finite verb it is limited by the number and person of the subject: -
Does he need any help?
He did not need to be reminded.
Used to: -
Used to as an adjective means “accustomed” to. It expresses a routine or pattern or habit.
He is quite used to hard work.
As a modal auxiliary it expresses a discontinued habit or a past situation which contrasts with the present.
Here I used to live when I was a child.
She used to drink milk, now she takes tea.
(i) Beside, Besides (ii) Between, Among
Ans. (i) Beside (by the side of)
He was buried beside the grane of his mother
Besides (in addition to)
Besides the intelligent boys, some dull boys have also offered computer science.
(ii) Betweeen - (Distinguish two persons or things)
Distribute these fruits between Rama and Mohan.
Among (More than two persons or things)
He divided his property among his five sons.
Q.18 What is a verb? Write their kinds? (auxiliaries, principal auxiliaries) Uses of Be, Have, Do. Modal Auxiliaries: - Use of can, could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, ought to, semi modals: - need, dare, used to.
Related Questions -
Q. What do modal auxiliaries signify? Make use of four pairs of modal such as Can/Could; May/Might; Shall/Should; Must; Will/Would in sentences respectively. (2011 - 12)
Ans. Verb: -
A verb is a word (or group of words) which says what a person or a thing is, has or does or what happens or is done to a person or a thing.
Examples: -
Ram plays.
Ram is playing.
Ram has been playing.
Ram shall have been playing.
Kinds of Verb: -
Verbs are often divided into two major types : Main verbs and Helping or Auxiliary verbs. The verbs other than the helping verbs are known as the Main verbs. These main verbs are also known as the Lexical verbs. The helping verbs or auxiliary verbs are the verbs, used along with the main verbs.
The main verbs or the Lexical verbs are further divided into two types :
(i) Transitive Verb (ii) Intransitive Verb
Consider the following.
In sentence under A, the verb heard has an object. This means the action denoted by the verb heard passes over from the subject Hira to the object noise. The verb in this example is called transitive verb as they transit or pass over the action from the subject to the object.
In sentence under B, the verb run has no objects. Therefore, the action denoted by the verb runs. Stop with its respective subject and does not pass over to any object. The verb in this example is called intransitive verb as they does not transit or pass over the action from the subject to the object.
Examples: -
Principal Auxilliaries: -
The principal parts of a verb from which all other forms or tense can be formed are,
The present tense. The past tense. The past participle.
The verbs can be divided into classes –
Regular verbs and irregular verb according to the way the past tense and the past participle are formed from the present tense.
Regular Verbs: -
Regular verbs are those which form their simple past tense and past participle by simply adding – ed to the present tense form:
Some verbs ending in “Y” from their past, tense and past participle by changing “Y” into “i” before adding “ed”.
Irregular Verb: -
Are those which do not follow any regular pattern like regular verbs.
A list of irregular verbs: -
Auxiliaries, The Special Verbs: -
An auxiliary is a “Helping Verb”. It helps the main verb to form the tense, voices, and moods, by being placed before them. The auxiliaries are also called special verb or anomalous verb.
The Auxiliaries are of two kinds: -
1. Primary Auxiliaries.
2. Modal Auxiliaries.
1. The Primary Auxiliaries: -
They are be, do and have. They change their forms according to the number and person of the subject. The forms of “be” are is, was, were (Be has two other forms – being and been). The forms of “do”, are : do, does, did. The forms of “have” are; have, has, had.
Note : The verbs be (am, is, are, was, were) Do (do, does, did) and have (have, has, had) can also be used as main verbs.
I am tall.
He does his work.
Dipti has a golden necklace.
2. The Modal Auxiliaries or Modals are: -
Can/could, may (might), shall (should), will (would), must, ought, used to, need, dare.
Be: Is, are, am, was, were.
(a) The auxiliary be is used.
1. To form the continuous tense.
Ex. : I am writing a letter.
2. To form the passive voice.
Ex. : A letter is being written by me.
(b) Be is used as a main verb with an infinitive.
1. To indicate a plan.
Ex. : The match is to be played next week.
2. To convey instruction:
Ex. : You are to clean this room.
Have: Has, Have, Had.
(a) The auxiliary have is used to form the perfect and the present perfect continuous tenses.
Ex. : (i) I have written a letter. (ii) He has been writing a letter.
(b) Have, used as a main verb with an infinitive to indicates obligation: -
Ex. : I have to get up early.
Have means possess, it is constructed like auxiliary verb. In this case, have is used without the auxiliary Do to form questions or negatives. This is the British usage which we follow though in American usage Do is common as–
Have you a pen? (British usage).
Do you have a pen? (American usage)
Do: The auxiliary do is used –
1. To form the negative of the simple present and of the simple past.
Ex. : I do not know him.
I did not know him.
2. To form the interrogative of the simple present and of the simple past.
Ex. : Do you know him?
Did he come to the school?
3. To emphasize a statement.
Ex. : She does dance well.
I do need your help.
4. To make a request in a persuasive way.
Please do come to my birthday party, I will wait for you.
Shall: -
1. According to grammar rules the modal auxiliary shall is used in the 1st person and will in the 2nd and 3rd persons to give information about future action: -
Ex. : I shall begin the work tomorrow.
You will begin the work tomorrow.
He will begin the work tomorrow.
2. Shall is used in the 2nd and 3rd persons to express a command, threat, or promise.
Ex. : You shall leave this place at once. (Command)
If you make a noise, you shall be punished. (Threat)
He shall get a prize if he does not make a single mistake. (promise)
3. In interrogative sentences, shall is widely used with the 1st person to indicate offer or suggestion and with the 3rd person to know the desire of the person spoken to: -
Shall I make a cup of tea for (offer) you?
Which book shall I buy? (asking to suggest)
Should: -
The modal auxiliary should is used: -
1. As past tense of shall in indirect speech
Ex. : I said that I should report for duty the next day.
2. To express duty or obligation
Ex. : We should obey our parents and teachers.
3. To express duty or obligation.
Ex. : We should obey our parents and teachers.
4. To express advice.
Ex. : You should not tell lies.
5. To express condition
Ex. : Should this happen, I will resign.
Will: -
The modal auxiliary will is used: -
1. To indicate future tense.
Ex. : My friend will come tomorrow.
2. To indicate request.
Ex. : Will you have tea?
Will you please open the door?
3. To indicate promise.
Ex. : I will take care of your brother.
4. To indicates determination.
Ex. : We will fight to the finish.
5. To indicate characteristics for habit: -
Ex. : He will be talking all the time without doing anything.
Would: -
The modal auxiliary would is used: -
1. As past tense of will in indirect speech:
Ex. : He said to me that he would look into the matter.
2. As past tense of will to indicate past activity.
Ex. : In the past he would go for a long walk every morning.
3. To express a wish or desire:
Ex. : I would rather starve than beg.
I would like to ask you something.
Can: -
The modal auxiliary can is used: -
1. To indicate permission:
Ex. : Can I come in?
2. To indicate possibility:
Ex. : This road can be blocked.
3. To indicate ability:
Ex. : He can speak ability.
Could: -
The modal auxiliary could is used: -
1. As past tense of can in indirect speech:
Ex. : He said that he could solve the problem.
2. To indicate ability in the past:
Ex. : I could swim across the river when I was young.
3. To indicate permission:
Ex. : Could I use your telephone?
4. To indicate possibility:
Ex. : This road could be blocked.
5. To express a polite request in the form of question:
Ex. : Could you wait for a minute?
Could you lend me your bicycle for a day?
May: -
The modal auxiliary may is used: -
1. To indicate permission.
Ex. : May I come in?
You may not go.
2. To indicate possibility:
Ex. : The road may be blocked today due to the procession.
3. To express a wish in formal English:
Ex. : May you live long?
4. To indicate a purpose:
Ex. : We eat that we may live.
Might: -
The modal auxiliary might is used: -
1. As past tense of may in indirect speech:
Ex. : He said that he might come.
2. To indicates permission:
Ex. : Might I use your telephone?
3. To indicate possibility:
Ex. : It might rain.
Must: -
The modal auxiliary must is used: -
1. To indicate obligation or compulsion:
Ex. : You must be back by 10 o¢ clock.
You must see a doctor.
2. To indicates determination:
Ex. : I must finish the work by next Monday at any cost.
3. To express some strong possibility:
Ex. : There must be some mistake some where.
Ought to: -
The modal auxiliary ought is used to express moral obligation duty or desirability: -
Ex. : You ought not to speak to your parents in the manner.
We ought to love our neighbours.
SEMI MODALS: -
Dare: -
Dare and need are used as modal auxiliary or as finite verbs. Their uses in some cases may look a little different from those of the other modal auxiliaries:-
Dare as a modal auxiliary means “be bold enough to”. It is commonly used in interrogative and negative sentences. It can also be used with do/did. The do/did interrogative and negative forms are followed in theory by the infinitive with “to” but in practice the “to” is often omitted.
How dare you fight with me?
He does not dare (to) fight with me.
Does he dare (to) fight with me.
Need: -
Need as modal auxiliary means “be obliged”, “be necessary”, it is commonly used in negatives and interrogatives; These are followed by infinitives without to:
Need I tell him to go?
He need not go.
Need as a finite verb means “want” “require” or “be in need of” as a finite verb it is limited by the number and person of the subject: -
Does he need any help?
He did not need to be reminded.
Used to: -
Used to as an adjective means “accustomed” to. It expresses a routine or pattern or habit.
He is quite used to hard work.
As a modal auxiliary it expresses a discontinued habit or a past situation which contrasts with the present.
Here I used to live when I was a child.
She used to drink milk, now she takes tea.