Q.10 Five rules for correct usage of pronoun are given. Write two examples each for them :
(i) A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender.
(ii) The indefinite pronoun ‘one’ should be used throughout, if used at all.
(iii) ‘None’ is construed in the singular or plural as the sense may require.
(iiv) ‘Anyone’ should be used when more than two persons or things are spoken of.
(v) When the subject of a verb is a relative pronoun, care should be taken to see that the verb agrees in number and person with the antecedent of the relative (pronoun). (2009-10)
Ans. (i) (a) The jury were divided in their opinions. (b) You, he and I will not go with Amar Singh.
(ii) (a) One should take care of one’s health. (b) One should love one’s country.
(iii) (a) There were none in the market . (b) There was none for you.
(iv) (a) Anyone can do this if he tries. (b) Anyone can go in the temple.
(v) (a) Here is the boy who helped my brother yesterday.
(b) The boys who waste their time are hated by others.
Q.11 What is an adjective and their states?
Ans. Definition: -
An Adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun to add something to his meaning.
An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun by describing or pointing out the person, animal, place or thing or telling the number or quantity or asking question about it.
Examples: -
Here are five rupees.
The city of Delhi is big.
I have some rice.
Kind of Adjectives: -
The main kinds are adjectives of quality (or descriptive adjective).
Adjective of quality describe the kind, quality or characteristics of person, animal, place, or thing.
Examples: -
She is a beautiful girl.
The clever old black crow sits on the tall red smooth pillar.
Adjectives of Quantity: -
Adjective of quantity indicates how much of a thing is meant.
Examples: -
Give me some rice.
Much cement is needed in building.
Note: -
It will be noted that the adjectives in the above sentences do not tell the quantity in definite term. (Adjective: little, enough, all, half, sufficient etc).
Adjectives of Number: (or Numeral Adjective): -
It indicates how many persons or things are meant or in what order a person or thing stands. They are of three kind –
(a) Definite Numeral Adjective: -
It indicates an extact number.
Examples: -
Two kings are sitting there.
He is the second man in command.
One, two, three, etc are called cardinal and first, second, third etc indicating the order are called ordinal.
(b) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives: -
Do not indicate an extact number.
Examples: -
There are many rooms in the hotels.
Adjectives: -
Few, some, all, any, many, several etc.
(c) Distributive Numeral Adjective: -
It refers to each single person or thing in a group.
Examples: -
Every soldier should be ready to fight for his country.
Adjectives: -
Each, every, either, neither.
Note: -
The same adjective may be used as adjective of quantity and adjective of number.
Example: -
He did not eat any food.
Some boys are making noise.
Adjective Demonstrative: -
Demonstrative Adjective indicate which person or thing is meant.
Examples: -
Bring that chair. Those mountains are far away.
Adjectives: -
This, that, these, those such.
Interrogative Adjectives: -
Interrogative Adjectives are used with the nouns to ask questions.
Example: -
Which book shall you buy?
Whose son is he?
Adjectives: -
What, which, whose, where.
Exclamatory Adjectives: -
The word what is used as an exclamatory adjective also.
Examples: -
What a story!
What manners!
What beauty!
Possessive Adjectives: -
Indicates possession.
Examples: -
They are our friends.
Please give me my book.
My, our, your, his, her, its, their.
Position of Adjectives: -
There are different positions in which an adjective can be used :
(i) Attributive : When an adjective is used to qualify its noun directly, it is called Attributive use.
Examples :
It is a lame horse.
An infuriated woman hurled abuses on us.
(ii) Predicative : When an adjective is used to qualify its noun or pronoun indirectly i.e., predicatively, it is called Predicative use.
Examples :
The horse is lame.
Anna seems happy.
Conversion of Adjectives: -
Many Adjectives are formed from noun.
Some Adjectives are formed from verbs: -
Some adjectives are formed from other adjectives: -
Comparison of Adjectives: -
Consider this case:
(i) Saurabh is a good singer.
(ii) Samar is a good singer.
(iii) Appu is a good singer.
Although the three are good singers (and none is a bad singer) they may not be equally good in singing. A comparison of their art of singing helps us to express the difference among them we find.
Saurabh is a good singer.
Samar is a better singer.
Appu is the best singer.
We thus observe Adjectives change in form (good, better, best) to show the Degree of Comparison.
Good is the form of adjective in the Positive Degree.
Better is the form of Adjective in the Comparitive Degree.
Best is the form of Adjective in the Superlative Degree.
Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative: -
(a) Most Adjectives of one syllable and some of two form the comparative by adding er and the superlative by adding est to the positive.
(b) When the positive ends in ‘e’ only r and st are added.
(c) When the positive ends in Y and is preceded by a consonant ’Y’ is changed into i before adding –er and –est.
(d) The last consonant is doubled, if a word of one syllable ends in a single consonant and is preceded by a short vowel.
(e) Most adjectives of more than two syllables and many with two form the comparative by adding more before the positive and form the superlative by adding most before the positive.
(f) Some adjectives are compared irregularly their comparative and superlative are not formed from the positive.
Note: -
Some adjective do not admit any comparisons. Because their meaning is already superlative as universal, unique, extreme, round, square, perfect.
Comparative Forms Ending in – or: -
(g) These are 12 words in the comparative form borrowed from latin. They all end in-or.
The following 5 of them have lost their comparative meaning and are used as positive adjectives. They are followed by to instead of than.
Examples: -
Interior, exterior, utterior, major, minor.
(i) A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person, number and gender.
(ii) The indefinite pronoun ‘one’ should be used throughout, if used at all.
(iii) ‘None’ is construed in the singular or plural as the sense may require.
(iiv) ‘Anyone’ should be used when more than two persons or things are spoken of.
(v) When the subject of a verb is a relative pronoun, care should be taken to see that the verb agrees in number and person with the antecedent of the relative (pronoun). (2009-10)
Ans. (i) (a) The jury were divided in their opinions. (b) You, he and I will not go with Amar Singh.
(ii) (a) One should take care of one’s health. (b) One should love one’s country.
(iii) (a) There were none in the market . (b) There was none for you.
(iv) (a) Anyone can do this if he tries. (b) Anyone can go in the temple.
(v) (a) Here is the boy who helped my brother yesterday.
(b) The boys who waste their time are hated by others.
Q.11 What is an adjective and their states?
Ans. Definition: -
An Adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun to add something to his meaning.
An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun by describing or pointing out the person, animal, place or thing or telling the number or quantity or asking question about it.
Examples: -
Here are five rupees.
The city of Delhi is big.
I have some rice.
Kind of Adjectives: -
The main kinds are adjectives of quality (or descriptive adjective).
Adjective of quality describe the kind, quality or characteristics of person, animal, place, or thing.
Examples: -
She is a beautiful girl.
The clever old black crow sits on the tall red smooth pillar.
Adjectives of Quantity: -
Adjective of quantity indicates how much of a thing is meant.
Examples: -
Give me some rice.
Much cement is needed in building.
Note: -
It will be noted that the adjectives in the above sentences do not tell the quantity in definite term. (Adjective: little, enough, all, half, sufficient etc).
Adjectives of Number: (or Numeral Adjective): -
It indicates how many persons or things are meant or in what order a person or thing stands. They are of three kind –
(a) Definite Numeral Adjective: -
It indicates an extact number.
Examples: -
Two kings are sitting there.
He is the second man in command.
One, two, three, etc are called cardinal and first, second, third etc indicating the order are called ordinal.
(b) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives: -
Do not indicate an extact number.
Examples: -
There are many rooms in the hotels.
Adjectives: -
Few, some, all, any, many, several etc.
(c) Distributive Numeral Adjective: -
It refers to each single person or thing in a group.
Examples: -
Every soldier should be ready to fight for his country.
Adjectives: -
Each, every, either, neither.
Note: -
The same adjective may be used as adjective of quantity and adjective of number.
Example: -
He did not eat any food.
Some boys are making noise.
Adjective Demonstrative: -
Demonstrative Adjective indicate which person or thing is meant.
Examples: -
Bring that chair. Those mountains are far away.
Adjectives: -
This, that, these, those such.
Interrogative Adjectives: -
Interrogative Adjectives are used with the nouns to ask questions.
Example: -
Which book shall you buy?
Whose son is he?
Adjectives: -
What, which, whose, where.
Exclamatory Adjectives: -
The word what is used as an exclamatory adjective also.
Examples: -
What a story!
What manners!
What beauty!
Possessive Adjectives: -
Indicates possession.
Examples: -
They are our friends.
Please give me my book.
My, our, your, his, her, its, their.
Position of Adjectives: -
There are different positions in which an adjective can be used :
(i) Attributive : When an adjective is used to qualify its noun directly, it is called Attributive use.
Examples :
It is a lame horse.
An infuriated woman hurled abuses on us.
(ii) Predicative : When an adjective is used to qualify its noun or pronoun indirectly i.e., predicatively, it is called Predicative use.
Examples :
The horse is lame.
Anna seems happy.
Conversion of Adjectives: -
Many Adjectives are formed from noun.
Some Adjectives are formed from verbs: -
Some adjectives are formed from other adjectives: -
Comparison of Adjectives: -
Consider this case:
(i) Saurabh is a good singer.
(ii) Samar is a good singer.
(iii) Appu is a good singer.
Although the three are good singers (and none is a bad singer) they may not be equally good in singing. A comparison of their art of singing helps us to express the difference among them we find.
Saurabh is a good singer.
Samar is a better singer.
Appu is the best singer.
We thus observe Adjectives change in form (good, better, best) to show the Degree of Comparison.
Good is the form of adjective in the Positive Degree.
Better is the form of Adjective in the Comparitive Degree.
Best is the form of Adjective in the Superlative Degree.
Formation of the Comparative and the Superlative: -
(a) Most Adjectives of one syllable and some of two form the comparative by adding er and the superlative by adding est to the positive.
(b) When the positive ends in ‘e’ only r and st are added.
(c) When the positive ends in Y and is preceded by a consonant ’Y’ is changed into i before adding –er and –est.
(d) The last consonant is doubled, if a word of one syllable ends in a single consonant and is preceded by a short vowel.
(e) Most adjectives of more than two syllables and many with two form the comparative by adding more before the positive and form the superlative by adding most before the positive.
(f) Some adjectives are compared irregularly their comparative and superlative are not formed from the positive.
Note: -
Some adjective do not admit any comparisons. Because their meaning is already superlative as universal, unique, extreme, round, square, perfect.
Comparative Forms Ending in – or: -
(g) These are 12 words in the comparative form borrowed from latin. They all end in-or.
The following 5 of them have lost their comparative meaning and are used as positive adjectives. They are followed by to instead of than.
Examples: -
Interior, exterior, utterior, major, minor.