Some Part of this book is omitted if u need complete E/printed book please contact us.
Q.7 What is a case? Name their state? (2009-10)
Ans. The Noun: Case
Case shows the relation of a Noun (or Pronoun) to another word in a sentence. A noun (or pronoun) can be in the -
1. Nominative case 2. Objective (or Accusative) case.
3. Dative case. 4. Vocative case.
5. Case in apposition. 6. Possessive case.
Nominative and Objective Case: -
Examine the Sentences: -
Hari broke an umbrella. In this sentence, Hari is the subject of the verb broke. When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the subject of a verb, it is said to be in the Nominative Case.
Note: -
To find the nominative case, put the question who? (for living) or what (for non living) before the verb and the answer will be the noun in the nominative case.
Who broke the umbrella? Hari is in the nominative case. The nominative generally comes before the verb. It may not always be the case.
Examine: -
Is hari happy?
Here is hari.
Ram did not pass, nor did hari. In the sentence “Hari broke an umbrella” Umbrella is the object of the verb “broke”.
When a noun (or pronoun is used as the object of a verb, it is said to be in the objective case, also called Accusative case.
Note: -
To find the objective case put the question whom? (for living) or what (for non living) before the verb and its subject and the answer will be the noun in the objective case. What did Hari break? Umbrella. Umbrella is in the objective case. The object generally comes after the verb.
Dative Case: -
Now compare the two sentences having the same meaning: -
1. I gave a book to Hari.
2. I gave Hari a book.
In the first sentence book is the object of the verb gave and Hari is the object of the preposition to. In the second sentence both Hari and book are object of the same verb gave. Book is the direct object of the verb gave and Hari is the indirect object of the verb gave. The direct object book is said to be in the objective case and the indirect object. Hari is said to be in the dative case.
Examples: -
Give Ram a pen.
She made Kamla a dress.
Indirect object in the dative case denotes the person to whom something is given or for whom something is done.
Vocative Case: -
Examine the sentences.
Ram ! Come here.
Sit down, boys.
Death ! I am not afraid of you.
Here Ram, boys and death are used for addressing a person or thing. A noun used to address a person or thing is in the vocative case. It is also called the nominative of address. Ram, boys and death are in the vocative case.
Case in Apposition: -
Examine he sentences:
Hari, my brother, came.
Call Ram, the doctor.
Brother and hari or doctor and Ram the same person.
When a noun follows another noun (or pronoun) denoting the same person, it is said to be in case in apposition to a noun (or pronoun) coming before it. Here, brother and doctor are case in apposition to Hari and Ram respectively. (Apposition means placing near). A noun in apposition is in the same case as the noun which it describes.
Possessive Case: -
Examine the sentences:
Hari broke Ram’s umbrella.
The umbrella belonged to Ram. It is Ram who possessed the umbrella. That is why we say Ram’s umbrella. The noun Ram is changed to Ram’s by addings. The noun Ram’s is said to be in the possessive case as the noun Ram’s shows possession or ownership of the umbrella.
How Possessive Case is Formed.
1. When the noun is singular, the possessive case is formed by adding S¢ to the noun; as Ram’s house dog’s bark.
2. When the noun is plural and does not end in – s, the possessive case is formed by adding – s, as. Men’s job the people’s voice.
3. When the plural ends in s, a simple apostrophe (’) without s added after – s of the word as a boys’ school games house.
4. Classical names ending in – s usually add only the apostrophe (’); as, Moses’ laws Pythagoras Theorem, Archimedes’ principal.
5. Other names ending in – s may add apostrophe with s (’s) or only the apostrophe [’]; as
Mr. Thoma’s (or Mr. Thomas’ house)
Use of Possessive Case.
1. Possessive case is chiefly used with the names of living things.
Examples: -
Ram’s hands.
Duty’s call.
2. Possessive case is also used with nouns of space, time or weight;
Examples: -
A month’s salary, a pound’s weight.
3. A few common phrases use the ’s;
Examples: -
At one’s finger’s, To one’s heart’s, At one’s wit’s end.
4. In the case of non living thing like the following. We must say.
Examples: -
The leg of the table not the table’s leg.
5. The words house school, college, and shop are often omitted after nouns in the possessive case;
Examples: -
I met him at Mohan’s house. I study at Queen’s college.
6. Note also that it does not always denote possession; instead, it may indicate origin, kind, authorship etc as,
Examples: -
Akbar’s fort / the fort built by Akbar.
Q.9 Write the definition of the pronoun and write their state?
Ans. Definition: -
A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun.
Ex. : My name is Ram.
Many kinds of pronoun: -
Pronouns are of many kinds pronoun are classified as follow -
(a) Personal Pronoun: -
I, we, they, you, he, she, it.
(b) Reflexive and Emphatic: -
Myself, himself, herself, yourself, themselves.
(c) Demonstrative: -
This, that, these, those.
(d) Indefinite: -
One, any, anyone, anything, anybody, somebody, all, none.
(e) Distributive: -
Each, every, either, neither.
(f) Reciprocal: -
Each other, one another.
(g) Relative: -
Who, whose, whom, which, that, what.
(h) Interrogative: -
Who, whose, whom, which, what.
Personal Pronoun: -
Study the following sentences: -
I am playing. We are playing.
You are playing. He [She, it] is playing.
They are playing.
Here I, we, you she, he, it, they are called personal pronouns because they stand for the following three person.
First Person: is the person or persons speaking as – I and we.
Second Person: is the person or persons spoken to as – you.
Third Person: is the person or persons spoken of as – he, she, it, they.
Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns: -
When the action done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subject, the Compound Personal Pronoun is called Reflexive Pronoun.
Examples: -
I slapped myself for spoiling my work.
He hurt himself due to his carlessness.
When the same compound personal pronoun is used for laying emphasis or a pronoun (or noun), it is called Emphatic Pronoun.
Examples: -
I myself cleaned the big house.
She herself admitted her mistake.
Note: -
The emphatic pronoun is placed just after the personal pronoun it emphasizes.
Demonstrative: -
This, that, these, those – point out the person(s) or thing(s) to which they refer.
Do it like this.
These are better than those.
Is that what you want?
Note: -
This (these) is (are) used when the person(s) or thing(s) is (are) near in time and place to the speaker, that (those) refers (refer) to what is (are) further away or more remote.
Indefinite Pronoun: -
Sometime pronoun like one, none, all, some, few, everyone, anybody etc are used to refer to person(s) or thing(s) in a general way. Those pronouns that do not refer to any specific or particular person(s) or thing(s) are called Indefinite Pronoun.
Examples: -
One does not know what to do in such a situation.
No body is safe in the danger zone.
Note: -
One, if used in a sentence should be used through out.
Examples: -
One should take care of one’s (not his) health.
One should love one’s country.
Distributive Pronoun: -
Each, either, neither are called distributive pronouns as they refer to a single person or thing in a group, one at a time. The equally distribute attention to each unit in a group. They are always singular and are, therefore, followed by a verb in the singular. Each denotes every one of a number of persons or things in a group taken singly.
Examples: -
Neither of the two answers is correct.
Each of the boys has received a person.
Reciprocal Pronoun: -
Each other and one another are called Reciprocal Pronoun because they denote reciprocal or mutual action.
Examples: -
The two brothers loved each other.
The three brothers love one another.
Relative Pronoun: -
The noun of one clause changes into a pronoun (who) and is directly related to the noun of another clause such a pronoun (who) is called a Relative Pronoun.
Example: -
This is the lady who teaches us.
These are the men who help us.
Interrogative: -
Interrogative pronoun help to ask questions and at the same time do the work of nouns they stand for -
The forms of interrogative pronoun.
Examples: -
Which is your book?
Whom do you want?
Whose is this house?