Q.29 Explain active and passive voice.
Ans. Active Passive: -
Compare the two Sentences :
Ram helps Sita.
Sita is helped by Ram.
In the first sentence the subject (Ram) is the does of the action. He does something, he helps.
Active Voice: -
The verb that expresses the action done by the subject is said to be in the active voice.
In the second sentence the subject (Sita) is the receiver of the action something is done to her she is helped.
Passive Voice: -
The verb that expresses what is done to the subject is said to be in the passive voice.
Examine the changes from the active voice to the passive voice in the following sentences: -
Passive Voice forms of the Verb: -
A verb has three tense.
Present Tense: refers to the present time.
Past Tense: refers to the past time.
Future Tense: refers to the future time.
1. Simple/past/future/present Tense.
2. Present/past/future continuous tense.
3. Present/past/future perfect tense.
4. Present/past/future perfect continuous tense.
Use of active and passive voice: -
The active voice is used when the subject is to be made prominent, the passive when the object is to be made prominent as :
He hit the ball.
The ball was hit by him.
The passive voice is preferred to the active voice in the following cases: -
1. When the doer is not known, or when it is not intended to name him as -
The patient was carried home.
2. When the subject in the active voice is clear from the context as -
She was dismissed.
3. We can start the sentence with the most important words in it as -
A favorable impression has been created by the prompt action taken by the government.
4. When we mean to take a greater interest in the suffers than in the doer of the action as:
The boat was wrecked in the storm.
Some examples of the active and the passive voice: -
Simple Tense: -
Continuous: -
Perfect Tense: -
With Two Objects: -
Verbs followed by prepositions: -
Imperative Sentences: -
Interrogative Sentences: -
Miscellaneous: -
Q.30 What is a conditional Sentence?
Ans. When you want to talk about a possible (or not possible) situation, and its consequences you see a conditional clause.
Sentences having conditional clauses are called conditional sentences. A conditional sentences has an if clause. The if clause usually comes first but it can also come after the main clause.
If the weather is fine, they will play the match.
A comma is normally used after the clause; when if clause comes first.
There are three types of conditional clauses.
Type: 1
Probable or Open Conditional Clause: -
Conditional clause, type 1, contain a condition that may or may not be fulfilled. In a clause of this type there is no indication whether the condition is likely to be fulfilled or not. They are known as open conditional clauses or factual conditional clauses e.g.
I you call me, I shall come to you.
If I have time, I shall come to your house.
You will not get there unless you hurry up.
I shall take an umbrella in case it rains.
Notes: -
1. When you talk about a common occurrence, you use the simple present tense or the present continuous tense in the conditional clause and also in the main clause.
If a man smiles at me, I feel happy.
If a tap is leaking, it needs a new washer.
2. You can also use will in an if clause when you make a request:
If you’ll just wait a moment, I’ll fetch you the file.
3. You can use modal verb (e.g. can, should) in the main clause.
If you need an umbrella, I can get you one.
If you are going for a picnic, you should take your purse.
Type: 2
Hypothetical Conditional Clauses: -
A type 2 conditional clause contains a condition that is improbable or unreal. The condition started is not likely to be fulfilled such clauses are called unreal or hypothetical conditional clauses. The simple past tense of the verb is used in these conditional clauses: -
Study the following: -
If had five lakh rupees, I would by a car.
It would be awful if you lost your ticket.
If the sun rose in the west, it would set in the east.
Note: -
1. You can use would in an if clause when you make a request.
If you would come this way, the doctor will see you now.
2. In type – 2 conditional clauses -
a. The verb in the if clauses is in the simple past tense.
b. The if clause takes were in place of was.
c. The verb in the main clause takes would, might or could.
Type: 3
Conditional clauses with unfulfilled conditions in the past: -
Type of conditional clause contain what that was not fulfilled in the past. In such clauses, the past perfect form of the verb is used.
Example: -
If we had won the match we would have got through to the final.
If you had been there, I would have seen you.
If we had taken your advice, we would have saved time.
The simple past form indicates an unreal or unlikely conditional in the present or future point of time, whereas, the past perfect shows an unfulfilled condition in the past.
Compare the following two types: -
Type: 2
If we took the car, we would benefit.
Type: 3
If we had taken the car, we would have benefited.
Note: -
We can use could have or might have in the main clause.
If I had bought a ticket yesterday, I might have won a prize.
If we had bought a computer, we could have worked this out a lot quicker.
Ans. Active Passive: -
Compare the two Sentences :
Ram helps Sita.
Sita is helped by Ram.
In the first sentence the subject (Ram) is the does of the action. He does something, he helps.
Active Voice: -
The verb that expresses the action done by the subject is said to be in the active voice.
In the second sentence the subject (Sita) is the receiver of the action something is done to her she is helped.
Passive Voice: -
The verb that expresses what is done to the subject is said to be in the passive voice.
Examine the changes from the active voice to the passive voice in the following sentences: -
Passive Voice forms of the Verb: -
A verb has three tense.
Present Tense: refers to the present time.
Past Tense: refers to the past time.
Future Tense: refers to the future time.
1. Simple/past/future/present Tense.
2. Present/past/future continuous tense.
3. Present/past/future perfect tense.
4. Present/past/future perfect continuous tense.
Use of active and passive voice: -
The active voice is used when the subject is to be made prominent, the passive when the object is to be made prominent as :
He hit the ball.
The ball was hit by him.
The passive voice is preferred to the active voice in the following cases: -
1. When the doer is not known, or when it is not intended to name him as -
The patient was carried home.
2. When the subject in the active voice is clear from the context as -
She was dismissed.
3. We can start the sentence with the most important words in it as -
A favorable impression has been created by the prompt action taken by the government.
4. When we mean to take a greater interest in the suffers than in the doer of the action as:
The boat was wrecked in the storm.
Some examples of the active and the passive voice: -
Simple Tense: -
Continuous: -
Perfect Tense: -
With Two Objects: -
Verbs followed by prepositions: -
Imperative Sentences: -
Interrogative Sentences: -
Miscellaneous: -
Q.30 What is a conditional Sentence?
Ans. When you want to talk about a possible (or not possible) situation, and its consequences you see a conditional clause.
Sentences having conditional clauses are called conditional sentences. A conditional sentences has an if clause. The if clause usually comes first but it can also come after the main clause.
If the weather is fine, they will play the match.
A comma is normally used after the clause; when if clause comes first.
There are three types of conditional clauses.
Type: 1
Probable or Open Conditional Clause: -
Conditional clause, type 1, contain a condition that may or may not be fulfilled. In a clause of this type there is no indication whether the condition is likely to be fulfilled or not. They are known as open conditional clauses or factual conditional clauses e.g.
I you call me, I shall come to you.
If I have time, I shall come to your house.
You will not get there unless you hurry up.
I shall take an umbrella in case it rains.
Notes: -
1. When you talk about a common occurrence, you use the simple present tense or the present continuous tense in the conditional clause and also in the main clause.
If a man smiles at me, I feel happy.
If a tap is leaking, it needs a new washer.
2. You can also use will in an if clause when you make a request:
If you’ll just wait a moment, I’ll fetch you the file.
3. You can use modal verb (e.g. can, should) in the main clause.
If you need an umbrella, I can get you one.
If you are going for a picnic, you should take your purse.
Type: 2
Hypothetical Conditional Clauses: -
A type 2 conditional clause contains a condition that is improbable or unreal. The condition started is not likely to be fulfilled such clauses are called unreal or hypothetical conditional clauses. The simple past tense of the verb is used in these conditional clauses: -
Study the following: -
If had five lakh rupees, I would by a car.
It would be awful if you lost your ticket.
If the sun rose in the west, it would set in the east.
Note: -
1. You can use would in an if clause when you make a request.
If you would come this way, the doctor will see you now.
2. In type – 2 conditional clauses -
a. The verb in the if clauses is in the simple past tense.
b. The if clause takes were in place of was.
c. The verb in the main clause takes would, might or could.
Type: 3
Conditional clauses with unfulfilled conditions in the past: -
Type of conditional clause contain what that was not fulfilled in the past. In such clauses, the past perfect form of the verb is used.
Example: -
If we had won the match we would have got through to the final.
If you had been there, I would have seen you.
If we had taken your advice, we would have saved time.
The simple past form indicates an unreal or unlikely conditional in the present or future point of time, whereas, the past perfect shows an unfulfilled condition in the past.
Compare the following two types: -
Type: 2
If we took the car, we would benefit.
Type: 3
If we had taken the car, we would have benefited.
Note: -
We can use could have or might have in the main clause.
If I had bought a ticket yesterday, I might have won a prize.
If we had bought a computer, we could have worked this out a lot quicker.