Q.1 What is a sentence? Write the types of sentences?
Ans. We need words to express what we have in mind so that others may understand us. But words have to be put in a definite order so that they may make sense, such a group of words is called a sentence.
Definition: -
A group of words so arranged as to make complete sense is a sentence.
Example: -
Little jack Horner sat in a corner.
Kinds of Sentences: -
Sentences are of four kinds.
1. Assertive: -
Those which simply affirm or deny something, are called Assertive or Declarative sentences.
Example: -
Karim hit him hard. (Affirmative)
Karim did not hit him hard. (Negative)
2. Imperative: -
Those which contain some command, request, advice or prohibition are called Imperative sentences.
Example: -
Close the door.
Be quiet, please.
3. Interrogative: -
Those which ask question are called interrogative sentences.
Example: -
Who is Mr. Arya?
Why are you late?
4. Exclamatory: -
Those which express some strong or sudden feelings are called exclamatory sentences.
Example: -
What a pity !
Alas ! He is no more.
Points to Remember: -
When writing sentences, remember that: -
(a) Every sentence begins with a capital letter.
(b) Every Assertive and Imperative sentences ends with a full stop.
(c) Every Interrogative sentence ends with a question mark.
(d) Every Exclamatory word or sentence ends with an exclamation mark (!).
Subject and Predicate: -
Every sentences consists of two parts.
1. The name some person or thing; and
2. Say something about the person or thing.
In other words, we must have a subject to speak about and we must say or predicate something about that subject.
Hence Every Sentences has two Parts: -
1. The part which names the person or thing we are speaking about. This is the subject of the sentence.
2. The part which tells something about the subject. This called the predicate of the sentences.
The subject of a sentences usually comes first, but occasionally it is put after the predicate; as,
Stand up Mohan.
Sweet are the uses of adversity.
In imperative sentences the subject is left out; as -
Sit down. [Here the subject ‘you’ is understood].
Q.2 What is a phrase? Write the types of phrases.
Ans. Examine the group of words. “in a corner”. It makes sense, but not complete sense. Such a group of words, which make sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase.
Example: -
Sat on a wall.
Tops of the mountains.
Kind of Phrases: -
Phrases are of four kinds.
1. Adjective Phrases: -
For instance, the group of words of great wealth tells us what sort of man the vizier was. It qualifies the noun man just as an Adjective Phrase.
Definition: -
An Adjective Phrases is a group of words that does the work of an adjective.
Example: -
I like to see smiling face.
The chief lined in a house built of stone.
Study the following adjectives and the adjective phrases that are equivalent to them.
2. Adverb Phrases: -
For instance the group of words with great speed tells us how Rama ran. It modifies the verb ran just as the adjective quickly does. It therefore does the work of an adverb and is called an adverb phrase.
Definition: -
An adverb phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adverb.
Examples: -
Quinine is good for malaria.
I have done well on the whole.
Study the following adverbs and the adverb phrases that are equivalent to them: -
Noun Phrases: -
A noun phrase is a group of words that does the work of a noun.
Further Examples of Noun Phrases: -
Early to bed is a good habit.
To win a prize is my ambition.
Q.3 What are the parts of speech? And write the classes of their parts.
Ans. Parts of Speech: -
Words are divided into different kinds or classes called parts of speech according to their use; that is, according to the work they do in a sentence.
The parts of speech are eight in number: -
1. Noun 2. Adjective 3. Pronoun 4. Verb 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection.
1. Noun: -
A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing.
Example: -
Delhi stands on the Yamuna.
Dead men tell no tales.
2. Adjective: -
An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or pronoun that is, to add something to the meaning of a noun or pronoun.
Examples: -
The big garden is full of beautiful flowers.
There are twenty boys in this class.
3. Pronoun: -
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.
Example: -
John is absent, because he is ill.
The books are where you left them.
4. Verb: -
A verb is a word used to express an action or state.
Example: -
The girl wrote a letter to her cousin.
Geeta is skipping.
5. Adverb: -
An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Example: -
She pronounced the word quite correctly.
He worked the sum quickly.
6. Preposition: -
A preposition is a word used before a noun or a pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or pronoun stands in relation to something else.
Example: -
The girl is fond of music.
A fair little girl sat under a tree.
7. Conjunction: -
A conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences.
Examples: -
Two and two make four.
I ran fast, but missed the train.
8. Interjection: -
An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling.
Examples: -
Hurrah ! We have won the game.
Alas ! She is dead.
Q.4 Transforming the following sentences by changing the parts of speech of underlined words as directed.
(i) I want to improve him. (NOUN)
(ii) He represents us. (NOUN)
(iii) She cooked inspite of sickness. (ADJECTIVE)
(iv) Your labour has made you successful, beside that God has favoured you. (VERB, ADJECTIVE) (2010 - 11)
Ans. (i) I want improvement with himself.
(ii) He is a representive for us.
(iii) Though she was sick, yet she cooked.
(iv) If you labour, you will suceed besides that God is favourable to you.
Q.5 What is a noun? And write the kinds of nouns?
Ans. Noun: -
A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing.
Note: -
The word thing is used to mean anything that we can think of.
Look at the following Sentences: -
Asoka was a wise king.
The noun Asoka refers to a particular king, but the noun king might be applied to any other king as well as to Asoka. We call Asoka a proper noun, and king a common noun.
Kinds of Noun: -
Nouns are of four kinds.
1. Proper Noun: -
A proper noun is the name of some particular person or place.
Note 1:
Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter at the beginning.
Note 2:
Proper nouns are sometimes used as common nouns.
Examples: -
Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare.
Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.
2. Common Noun: -
A common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.
Example: -
The gardener planted many flowers in the garden.
Man is mortal.
3. Collective Noun: -
A collective noun is the name of a number of person or things considered as one. These nouns cannot be used for an individual of the group.
Examples: -
A herd of cattle is grazing in the field.
Somu saw a pride of lions near the stream.
4. Abstract Noun: -
An abstract noun is the name of a quality, action, state, feeling or an idea which we can only think of or feel but can’t see or touch.
Example: -
Health is wealth.
Childhood is the best period in life.
Abdul hamid was rewarded for his bravery.
Q.6 Write the types of Gender?
Ans. Gender: -
Gender are of four types.
1. Masculine Gender: -
A noun that refers to a male is said to be of the masculine gender.
Examples: -
Rishabh is an intelligent boy. He works hard.
Note: -
Rishabh and boy are the names of males. They are therefore said to be of the masculine gender.
2. Feminine Gender: -
A noun that refers to a female is said to be of the feminine gender.
Examples: -
Latika is a good girl.
She obeys her parents.
Note: -
Latika and girl are the names of females. They are therefore said to be of the feminine gender.
3. Neuter Gender: -
A Noun that refers to a non - living thing is said to be of the neuter gender.
Examples: -
There are books in the shelf. Those books are mine.
Note: -
Books and shelf are the names of things without life. They are therefore said to be of the neuter gender.
[Neuter means neither male nor female].
Common Gender: -
A noun that refers to both a male or a female is said to be of the common gender.
Examples: -
This child is weeping. He is my friend.
Note: -
Child and friend can be used for both male and female is said to be of the common gender.