Q.16. What are the various causes of stress at work? (AKTU. 2011 - 12)
Ans. The key to successful business is strategic stress management at work that helps to increase happiness and motivation of employees. Employees and managers have to know the causes of stress at work in order to successfully reduce it and boost morale in the workplace.
There are just so many causes of job stress that it is hard to name them all. Below you will find comprehensive list of possible stress causes in the workplace that are divided into groups by type of job stressor.
Common work factors -
Excessive workload.
Not enough rest or lunch breaks.
Unimportant and meaningless tasks.
Long working time and low payment.
Unreasonable demands from managers or employers.
Relationships in workplace
Workplace Bullying or harassment.
Distant, unreachable supervisors.
Poor performance from co-workers.
Conflicts and competition among staff.
Time spent away from family.
Workplace environment
New technology
Noise and overcrowding.
Poor air quality.
Health risks (toxic chemicals).
Safety risks (heavy equipment).
Organizational practices
Conflicting job demands.
Multiple supervisors.
Lack of individual autonomy and cooperation in decision-making.
Inefficient interpersonal communication.
Q.17. Define industrial accidents. Write the causes of industrial accident.
(AKTU. 2011 - 12)
Ans. “Accidents do not distribute themselves by chance but it happen frequently to some men and infrequently to others as logical result of a combination of circumstances.”
There are different causes of accidents -
(i) Handling material of equipment (ii) Struck by falling material of equipment
(iii) Stumbling and falling (iv) Falls from heights
(v) Falls on stairs (vi) Handling tools
(vii) Dropping tools (viii) Burns - acid
(ix) Burns other (x) Stepping on or striking objects
(xi) Operation of hand trucks (xii) Operation of auto mobiles
(xiii) Operation of machinery (xiv) Electricity
(xv) Gas (xvi) Foreign bodies in eye
(xvii) All others
Primary Causes Of Accidents: -
(i) Faulty attitude (ii) Failure to recognize potential hazards
(iii) Faulty judgement of speed or distance
(iv) Impulsiveness (v) Irresponsibility
(vi) Failing to keep attention constant
(vii) Nervousness and fear (viii) Defective vision
(ix) Organic diseases (x) Slow reaction
(xi) High blood pressure (xii) Senility
(xiii) Worry and depression (xiv) fatigability
(xv) Improper distribution of attention
(xvi) Inexperience (xvii) Miscellaneous
Q.18. What do you understand by job analysis? (AKTU. 2011 - 12)
Ans. A job analysis is an accurate study of the various components of a job. It is concerned not only with an analysis of the duties and conditions of work but also with the individual qualification of the worker.
Q.19. Describe the various sources of recruitment. (AKTU. 2011 - 12)
Ans. Sources Of Recruitment: -
1. Media Advertisements: -
(a) Newspaper Ads: - Running ads in periodicals such as local newspapers or professional journals is a common method of recruitment employees.
(b) Electronic Media: -Where as 76% of organization run recruitment advertisements in news papers only 24% used television and radio to advertise job openings. The television recruitment is very useful in the private sector.
2. Situation Wanted Ads: -
They are placed by the applicant rather than by organizations. These ads take a variety of forms. Some list extensive qualifications, some give applicant’s name and some are generally more creative than others.
3. Point-of-Purchase Methods: -
The point-of-purchase method of recruitment is based on the same “POP” (point-of-purchase) advertising principles used to market products to consumers.
4. Recruiters: -
(a) Campus Recruiters: - Many organization send recruiters to college campuses to answer questions about themselves and interview students for available positions.
(b) Outside Recruiters: - More than 75 % of organizations use such outside recruiting sources as private employment agencies, public employment agencies, and executives search firms (SHRM, 2001b). Private employment agencies and executive search firms are designed to make a profit from recruitment activities, whereas public employment agencies are operated by state and local public agencies and are strictly nonprofit.
5. Employee Referrals: - Another way to recruit is by employee referral, in which current employees recommend family members and friends for specific job openings.
6. Direct Mail: - Direct mail has been successful in product advertising, several organizations have used it to recruit applicants, especially those who are not actively job hunting (Woodward 2000). With direct mail recruitment, an employers typically obtains a mailing list and sends help-wanted letters or brochures to people through the mail.
7. Internet: - The internet continues to be a fast-growing source of recruitment. Internet recruiting efforts usually take one of two forms; employer-based websites and internet recruiting sites.
(a). Employer-Based Websites: - With employer-based websites, an organization lists available job opening and provides information about itself and the minimum recruitments needed to apply to a particular job.
(b). Internet Recruiters: - Internet recruiters continue to grow and have an impact on hiring. An internet recruiter is a private company whose website lists job opening for hundreds of organizations and resumes for thousand of applicants.
8. Job Fair: - Job fair are used by 70% of organizations (SHRM, 2001b) and are designed to provide information in a personal fashion to as many applicants as possible. Job fairs are typically conducted in one of three ways. In the first, many types of organizations have booths at the same location.
The second type of job fair has many organizations in the same field in one location.
The third approach to a job fair is for an organization to hold its own.
11. Incentives: - When unemployment rates are low, organizations have to take extra measures to recruit employees. One of these measures is to offer incentives for employees to accept jobs with an organization. Though these incentives often come in form of a financial signing bonus.
