Q.1. What are the various implications of ‘perception’ for management? How does management influence employee’s perception? (2002-03)
Or. Write short note on Human Perception. (2003-04)
Or. Write short note on factors affecting human perception. (2004-05)
Or. What is perception? How does the management influence the perception of its employees? (2005-06)
Ans. Various implications of Perception: -
A manager is primarily concerned with the achievement of organization at objective through specified behaviour of its members. Peraption affects the outcome of behaviour. This is so because we act on the basis of what they see. Hence in understanding behaviour, the managers must recognize that facts people do not perceive as meaningful usually will not influence their behaviour, whereas the thing they believe to be real, even through factually incorrect or non-existence, well influence it. However, there are three major areas, which require special attention so for as the perceptual accuracy is concerned. There are interpersonal working relationship, selection of new employees, and performance appraisal.
(i) Interpersonal Working Relationship: -
Organizations are intended to bring out about integrated behaviour. Therefore, managers in the organization need to know whether or not members share similar or at least compatible perception. If they do not, the problems of the organization are greater and will require efforts to make perception more compatible.
(ii) Selection of Employees: -
Organizations typically select, new employees on the basis of selection tests, interviews and reviews of the applications background. In many instances, much of the information is vagne, and managers are subject to many of the perceptual problems when they make the selection decisions.
(iii) Performance Appraisal: -
The appraisal of a sub-ordinates performance is highly affected by the accuracy of a managers perceptions. The major areas of concerns in this content are –
(i) Managers may have tendencies to possibility evaluated some employees because they are better linked, or are on favored task or particularly noticeable and
(ii) Because of hollow effects, performance evaluation will be affected adversely robbins has defined perceptions as follows-
Management Influence Employee’s Perception: -
Perception may defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to given meaning to their environment “ Based on the definition of perception we may identify its following features-
(i) Perception is the intellectual process through which a person selects the data from the enviorment, organizes it, and obtains meaning from it.
(ii) Perception is that basic psychological process. The manner in which a person perceives the environment affects his behavior.
(iii) Perception, being an intellectual and psychological process, become and a subjective process.
Q.2. Briefly discuss, the important principles of learning and describe the significance of learning for management. (2002-03)
Or. Write short note on Principle of learning. (2004-05) Or. State and explain the important principles of learning and highlight the role and importance of learning in training and development. (2005-06)
Ans. Principles of Learning: -
According to the dictionary of psychology, learning means the process of acquiring the ability to respond adequately to a situation, which may or may not have been previously encountered. The favourable modification of response tendencies consequent upon previous experience, particularly the building of a new series a complex co-ordinate motor response, the fixation of items in memory so that they can be recalled or organized the process of acquiring insight into a situation.
Mitchell has defined learning as follows: -
Learning is the process by which new behaviors are acquired. It is generally agreed that learning involves changes in behaviour, practicing new behaviour and establishing permanency in change.
Significance of Learning: -
Since learning is an acquired process, it is quite natural that several factors may affect the process. Understanding of these factors is important for management becomes it can organize its learning programmers through training or otherwise for improving the behaviour of employee at the work place. The major factors affecting learning are motivation of the teacher.
(i) Motivation: -
Teachers motivation is one of the major conditions for learning. Motivation is same thing that moves a person to action, and continues him in the course of action already initiated. This course of action includes learning too.
(ii) Practice: -
Practice is a very basic external condition of learning and affects all types of learning. The more a person practices more a absorbs learning contents.
(iii) Environment: -
Environment in which learning process occurs, affects learning environment have refer to the situational set up for learning. Environmental factors can either strengthen or weaken the innate ability to achieve and learn.
(iv) Mental Set: -
Mental set refers to the preparation for an action, in this content learning. If a person is prepared to act, be can do the thing quickly and in on time.
Q.3. Enumerate the factors that affect the individual behavior. (2002-03)
Or. Write short note on behavior at the individual Level. (2005-06)
Or. Enlist elucidate the factors affecting the individual behaviour at the work place. (2007-08)
Ans. The important factors, which influence the behaviour of individual, are explained below.
(i) Personality: -
Personality denotes the psychological characteristics of a person that influence his behaviour towards goal achievement. It is the sum of total of ways in which an individual interactions with others. Personality has key influence on work performance. In jobs where human relations are very important, personality of the incumbent determines his effectiveness.
(ii) Perception: -
Perception is the view point by which one interprets a situation. For instance, arailway booking clerk facing a well-dressed person perceives him to be of a high status and talks to him nicely, where as he may tend to ignore an ill-dressed person, or make him wait, through both the passengers wants first class tickets. In an organizing setting, message that the organization sends to its members regarding the kind of behaviour nd activities expected of them are significant. The messages are communicated in a variety of ways. ( a key factor is that an individuals behavior is influence of not by the organizations actual expection of line, but by how these are perceived by the person.
(iii) Motivations: -
Motivation refers to all the force operating within a person to canes him or her to engage in certain kind of behaviour. Even if all the factors are present to facilitate effective behaviour on a particular job, these factors would amount to nothing unless the person is motivated to perform well. Motivation may be internal i.e. A person’s still ability and intelligence; or external e.g. incentives, trimming etc. Further, a person motivation is influenced by his or her attitude beliefs, values and goals.
(iv) Organizational Factors: -
Individuals behaviour is influenced. Systems such as the organizational structure and hierarchy strongly influence and constrain both what individuals do and how they do. In addition, individual behaviour is influenced by various types of resources provided by the organization such as advice and directions from leaders, physical support in terms of facilities and technology.
(v) Social Cultural Factors: -
The social environment of an individual includes relationship with family members friends, co-workers, supervisors and subordinates. The behaviors of others are also a part of an individuals social environment. Similarly, every individual has a cultural background, which shapes his values and belie. The social-cultural factors moderate the effect of individual behaviour.