Q.4. What is group-cohesiveness? Outline the various factors that would be determining the degree of group-cohesiveness. (2002-03)
Ans. Group Cohesiveness: -
Group cohesiveness is another important factor, besides group norms, which affects group behaviour give up cohesiveness means the degree of attachment go the members to their group. If group cohesion is high, the interaction between members of the group is high. A cohesive group usually has the following features -
(i) The member share the group gools and norms and have common intersects and backgrounds.
(ii) The number of members is small.
(iii) The members interact among themselves quite frequently and interpersonal communication is very effective.
(iv) Group loyalty among the members is high because the group enjoys high status.
(v) The group has a history of past success.
Factors Affecting Group Cohesiveness: -
These are various factor which determine the degree of group cohesiveness, such factors are as follows-
(i) Degree of Dependency on the Group: -
The more highly dependent a person is on a group for some result, or effect. The greater will be the groups attractiveness and consequently greater is its cohesiveness.
(ii) Size: -
Other thing being equal, size has an inverse relationship with group cohesiveness. This is so because group cohesiveness increase through interction among group members.
(iii) Group Status : -
A group with high status with success stories is more attractive to its members. Therefore, they show solidarity among themselves and group cohesion tends to be high.
(iv) Group Leadership: -
The qualities of group leader determine the extent to which the group. If the leader is dynamic and energetic.
(v) Outside Pressures: -
Members of a group text to hand together to face challenges from outside pressures when there are pressures from outside, group members tend to minimize their personal difference in order to light the common enemy. These are the basic factors that effects the all these things.
Q.5. Write notes on any of the following: (2003-04)
(a) Factors affecting the Individual Behavior
(b) Principles of Learning
Ans. Factors Affecting the individual Behaviour: -
Human behaviour is cansed by certain reasons. Behaviour is the result of interaction between individual characteristics and the characteristics of the environment which the behaviour occours. The factors are following
(i) Personal Biographical Factors: -
Every individual has certain inherited characteristics which can be changed by external force. These incchides the following
(a) Sex.
(b) Age.
(c) Education.
(d) Abilities and
(e) Material Status.
(ii) Psychological Factors: -
Psychological factors refer to individuals characteristics and attributes ( through not observable) that can affect individuals behaviour.
(iii) Environmental Factors: -
Environmental factors consists of such variables as economic condition social and cultural norms which are outside an individual.
(iv) Organizational Factors: -
The import organizational factors affecting human behaviour as shown below.
(a) Physical Facilitates.
(b) organization structure and design.
(c) Leadership and (d) reward system.
(b) Principal of Learning: -
E.R. Hilgard has defined learning as a relatively payment change in behaviour that occure as a result of prior experience. Learning has taken place if an individual behaves, reacts, responds as a result of experience in a manner different from the way he formerly behaved. Learning is change in behaviour through education and training, practice and experience. It is accompanied by acquisition of knowledge, skills and expertise which are relatively permanent. There are four theories of learning-
(i) Classical Learning Conditioning: -
The classical behaviour, particularly below and Watson, attributed learning to the connection between stimulus and response.
(ii) Operant Conditioning: -
The operant behaviour such as skinner described the role of consequences in understanding the learning process operant. Operant behaviour means voluntary or learned behaviour in contrast to reflexive or unlearned behaviour.
(iii) Cognitive Learning: -
Cognitive theories felt that learning is achieved by thinking about the perceived relationship between events and individual goals.
(iv) Social Learning: -
It is an integrative theory of learning, which explains that people learn through observation and direct experience. Modeling, symbolism and self-control are the important techniques of social learning.
Q.6. Enlist the important factors that shape the human behavior in an industrial organization. (2004-05)
Or. State and elaborate the various factors shaping the human behavior in an industrial organization. (2005-06)
Ans. Organizational behaviour is concerned with the understanding, prediction and control of human behaviour in organization.
(i) Psychology: -
This discipline has had a great deal of influence on the field of organizational behaviour. The major areas researched to understand the determinates of behaviour are attitudes, modulation and learning. Motivation refers to the mental and emotional process that precedes actual behaviour under consideration psycholosy is concerned with individual behaviour. It has greatly contributed to the understanding of the intra-individual dynamics of human behaviour.
(ii) Sociology: -
It is basis for trying to understand social behaviour or the dynamics of interaction between to or more individual. It focuses attention on groups, organizations and societies rather than individuals.
(iii) Anthropology: -
It is a board discipline that studies the origin and development of human cultures how these cultures have functional in the past and how they continue to function in the present. Every organization has its own distinct culture. Some organizations, particularly closely held ones, are secretive, publicity shy and less inclined to encourage participative management.