Q.8 Briefly
describe the various schemes launched for women education in India. (AKTU. - 2008-09)
Ans. Women
Education In Indian: - (AKTU. - 2010 - 11)
Under
the scheme of Balika Samridhi Yojana launched on October 2, 1997, with a
specific sole objective to encourage the enrolment and retention of a girl
child in the schools, the mother of a girl child born on or after August 15,
1997 in a family below poverty line is given a grant of Rs. 500 besides a scholarship
for education of the girl child when she attends the school. About 12 lakh girl
children were benefited during 1997-98. The Programme of Development of Women
and Children in Rural Areas aims to improve the socio-economic status of the
poor women in the rural areas through creation of group of women for income
generating activities on a self-sustaining basis. Upto November, 1998, about
1.97 lakh women were benefited. Under Indira Mahila Yojana for empowerment of
women, 28,000 small homogeneous women’s groups were formed upto 1997-99. The
scheme of Mahila Samridhi Yojana to inculcate the habit of saving among rural
women is being revised and merged into Indira Mahila Yojana to have an
integrated package of five components including formation of viable women’s
groups.
Q.9. Discuss
the importance of ‘women education’ for the success of the schemes relating to
environmental quality management and public health. (AKTU. - 2009 - 10)
Related Questions -
Q. How
women education can help environmental protection. (AKTU. - 2008 - 09)
Q. How women education can protect the
environment? (AKTU. - 2012 - 13)
Ans. Importance
Of Women Education For Environmental Quality Management And Public Health: -
As women’s concerns and social issues in general
became recognized as crucial for environmental management in the 1970s and 80s,
likewise did environmental concerns become an integral part of conferences on
the advancement and empowerment of women. The Nairobi Forward-looking
Strategies from 1985 highlight the growing challenges of fuel-wood and water
scarcity and the special impact on women as “intermediaries between the natural
environment and society.” The Strategies also state that “The problem will
continue to be greatest where water resources are limited - in arid and
semi-arid areas” and call for women’s full participation in environmental
management. Finally, the Strategies highlight the need to focus on women’s
secure rights to land, training, credit, investment, and agricultural
development. The main ideas from Nairobi were developed further by the 1,500
women from all over the World who participated in the Women’s Congress on a
Healthy Planet. Furthermore “women’s
access to food, land inheritance, tenure, and ownership must be regarded as a
basic human right.”
Protection
of the Atmosphere, Biotechnology, and Radioactive Waste, all programs on
conservation and management of resources for development call for special
activities to promote and ensure women’s active participation. These activities
include awareness raising, training and education, capacity building of women’s
organizations, consideration of women’s needs when developing programs, ensure
women’s equal access to land, water, and forest resources and to technologies,
financing, marketing, processing, and distribution. Furthermore, several
programs call for special attention to women’s traditional knowledge.
In short:
• Involvement
of local population, particular women and youth, in the collection and use of
environmental information,
• Land
users, particularly women, to be main actors in combating land degradation,
• Protection
of women’s property rights,
• Involvement
of women in policies and programs to improve land use, manage common lands,
incentives, and private investment in the drylands,
• Full
participation of women when drawing on local knowledge and experience,
• Increased
level of education and participation of people, particularly women,
• Creation
of rural banking to facilitate access to credit for rural populations,
particularly women, and
• Review,
development, and dissemination of gender-disaggregated information, skills, and know-how at all
levels on ways of organizing and promoting popular participation.
According
to the statistics of the Ministry of Civil Service Affairs and Housing, the
number of Qatari women working in the field of health amounts to 500, compared
to 357 men working in the same field. Qatari women represent 21% of the total
number of 272 nurses working at the Ministry of Public Health. Women also work
in preventive health, which comprises the sections of Contagious Disease
Control, Vocational Health, Environmental Health, Food Control, Central
Laboratories and Al Matar Clinic.
Q.10. Write
a short note on various issues related to enforcement of environmental legislation.
(AKTU. - 2008-09)
Ans. Issues
Related to Enforcement of Environmental Legislation: -
Most
legislation evolves in response to problems, so there is often delay between
need and the establishment of satisfactory law.
Three
issues/things that are especially important for environmental legislation are;
(1) The precautionary Principle: -
This
principle has evolved to deal with risks and uncertainties faced by
environmental management. The principle implies that an ounce of prevention is
worth a pound of cure-it does not prevent problems but may reduce their
occurrence and helps ensure contingency plans are made.
(2) The Polluter – Pays Principle: -
In addition to the obvious-the polluter pays for the
damaged caused by a development-this principle also implies that a polluter
pays for monitoring and policing. A problem with this approach is that fines
may bankrupt small businesses, yet be low enough for a large company to write
them off as an occasional overhead, which does little for pollution control.
This
principle, in fact, is more a way of allocating costs to the polluter than a
legal principle.
(3) Freedom of Information: -
Environmental
planning and management is hindered if the public, NGOs or even official bodies
are unable to get information. Many countries have now begun to release more
information-the USA has a Freedom of Information Act, and the European Union is
moving in this direction. But still many governments and multinational
corporations fear that industrial secrets will leak to competitors if there is
too much disclosure, and there are situations where authorities declare
‘strategic’ needs and suspend disclosure.