Q.3 Suggest various remedial and control
measures to minimize water pollution. (AKTU. - 2006-07, 08-09, 11 - 12)
Related
Questions -
Q. Also discuss how water bodies can be
saved from ill-effects of uncontrolled discharge of wastewater into them. (AKTU. - 2009 - 10)
Ans. Remedial and Control Measures to
Minimize Water Pollution:-
The
following measures can be taken to control water pollution:
(i) Input control - that is pollutants should
be prevented from being generated in the first place.
(ii) Output control - that is to control the
pollutant and/or its effect after it has been produced.
(iii) Developing of proper sewage and industrial
effluent systems can reduce incoming point source of pollution.
(iv) Extensive afforestation can help in
minimizing non-point sources of pollution.
(v) Domestic and industrial waste waters
should be disposed of (in water bodies or on land) after treatment to the
required level/degree.
(vi) Strict enforcement of pollution control
laws.
In light
of the above control measures, the following remedial measures for the control
of water pollution are suggested:
(i) No intermixing of solid waste or effluent
in water source should be done.
(ii) Treatment plant for domestic sewage should
be designed in such a manner that effluent to be discharged in river may be utilized
for irrigation purposes.
(iii) Sources of water, for example, ponds,
rivers, lakes etc. should be protected by providing enclosures or other
suitable methods for the prevention of waste entry.
(iv) Bathing, washing, etc. should be prohibited
in the vicinity of sources. Pollution caused by animals should also be
prevented.
(v) Treated effluents from industries should
be discharged into water sources. It will be better to treat the effluent from
each component of an industry separately.
(vi) Excess use of fertilizers, pesticides,
insecticides should be discouraged.
(vii) Ponds, lakes etc. should be regularly cleaned
of aquatic weeds and plants.
(viii) Special type of fish breeding which live on
mosquito eggs, bacteria, aquatic weeds should be encouraged.
(ix) Public awareness regarding water pollution
should be created.
(x) Legislative controls should be more
punitive.
Q.4 Briefly discuss the compositions of
domestic and industrial waste waters. What are the basic differences between
them? (AKTU. - 2007-08 Ist Sem.)
Ans. Composition of Domestic Waste Water: -
Domestic waste water or sewage is a liquid
waste that originates from the sanitary convenience of residential, commercial,
institutional, industrial and other public places. Generally, sewage consists
of 99.9% of water and 0.1% of solids. These solids are mostly organic with a
small fraction of inorganic matter.
The inorganic (or mineral) matter
consists of ash, cinder, sand, grit, mineral salts, mud, etc. The organic
matter consists of carbohydrates, facts, proteins, urea, amines, amino acids,
and products of their decomposition. The organic matter may be either
nitrogenous or nitrogen-free.
Composition
of Industrial Waste Water: -
Industrial waste water results
from industrial processing operations. The composition or characteristic of
industrial waste water is industry specific, that is, it varies considerably
from industry to industry.
Basic
Differences Between Domestic and Industrial waste Water: -
The basic difference between
domestic and industrial waste water is that, industrial waste water is one of
extreme variability in characteristic strength (or composition) as well as
volume; whereas in a domestic waste water, the pattern is quite predictable
throughout. Therefore, it is easier to handle domestic waste water.
In domestic waste water, sewage
contains living organisms such as algae, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, virus,
rotifers, etc. If industrial effluent forms a part of sewage, then it may
contain toxic substances like lead, arsenic, mercury, cyanides, etc. In fact,
the composition of sewage mainly depends upon the source from where it is
formed.
